We might have just gotten our spiciest study of the year after new findings in Nature Medicine showed that general-purpose LLMs outperform specialized healthcare models straight out of the box.
It was a battle of the bots. Researchers pitted OpenEvidence and UpToDate Expert AI against three frontier models that anyone with a web browser can pull up in two seconds: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3.1 Pro, and Claude Opus 4.6.
The models were tested across three domains:
- medical knowledge (MedQA)
- expert clinician alignment (HealthBench)
- 100 real physician queries (RCQ) scored by 12 blinded clinicians
It was a clean sweep. The general-purpose LLMs outperformed the specialized models on all three evals, and by a healthy margin. This chart gets the point across.
- On MedQA, Gemini led the pack with 97.4% accuracy (vs. 89.6% for OE and 88.4% for UTD). Fun fact, the frontier models had a huge advantage here since their training data included these exact questions (and answers).
- On HealthBench, GPT-5.2 dominated with an 88%. It’s almost like OpenAI invented the benchmark.
- The RCQs were probably the most clinically meaningful component, and all three frontier models took the podium here as well. It was a bit odd that the researchers didn’t share the specific questions, and OE definitely thought so too.
OpenEvidence hit back hard and fast. It went straight to its socials to let the world know that the study was not only poorly designed and biased, but that the authors had reached out for API access to help build a competing product. Request denied.
- OE also pointing out the training data contamination issue with MedQA, and critiqued HealthBench for scoring responses based on subjective stylistic choices (in one example OE scored 20% “worse” because it didn’t use a specific email header).
- The cherry on top was OE revealing that the real-world clinician queries were only added after peer reviewers flagged the study for having weak evidence. Big if true.
Obligatory disclaimer: the models were evaluated back in February, and the performance gap could easily be even wider today.
The Takeaway
OpenEvidence and UpToDate didn’t become successful by being better AI developers than OpenAI and Anthropic. They did it by doing the things that don’t show up in benchmarks – curating sources of verifiable evidence, wrapping them in an interface that docs actually enjoy using, and earning their trust one question at a time. If anything, this study confirmed that those matter now more than ever.
